[280] Except during the personal crisis triggered by his son Thomas's decision to become a priest, Sherman's personal attitude towards the Catholic Church was tolerant and even friendly at a time when anti-Catholic prejudice was common in the United States. [188][191], Sherman's military legacy rests primarily on his command of logistics and on his brilliance as a strategist. [160], Sherman believed that the terms that he had agreed to were consistent with the views that Lincoln had expressed at City Point, and that they offered the best way to prevent Johnston from ordering his men to go into the wilderness and conduct a destructive guerrilla campaign. President Zachary Taylor, vice president Millard Fillmore and other political luminaries attended the wedding. National Archives. Looting was officially forbidden, but historians disagree on how rigorously this regulation was enforced. When William Tecumseh Sherman was born on 17 May 1880, in Page, Iowa, United States, his father, Franklin Sherman, was 32 and his mother, Mary Elizabeth Van Sant, was 21. This appears to have been a consequence of the animosity felt by Union soldiers and officers for the state that they regarded as the "cockpit of secession". The assassination of Lincoln had caused the political climate in Washington to turn against the prospect of a rapid reconciliation with the defeated Confederates and the Johnson administration rejected Sherman's terms. [228], When the Medicine Lodge Treaty failed in 1868, Sherman authorized his subordinate in Missouri, Major General Philip Sheridan, to lead the winter campaign of 186869, of which the Battle of Washita River was part. At first you will make headway, but as your limited resources begin to fail, shut out from the markets of Europe as you will be, your cause will begin to wane. According to Liddell Hart, this strategy was most clearly illustrated by Sherman's series of turning movements against Johnston during the Atlanta campaign. [194], Liddell Hart credited Sherman with mastery of maneuver warfare, also known as the "indirect approach". Genealogy for William Tecumseh Sherman (c.1866 - 1867) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Artillery and saw action in Florida in the Second Seminole War. "[92], Despite being caught unprepared by the attack, Sherman rallied his division and conducted an orderly, fighting retreat that helped avert a disastrous Union rout. [243][244] During this time, Sherman also reorganized the U.S. Army forts to better accommodate the shifting frontier. [245], In 1875, ten years after the end of the Civil War, Sherman became one of the first Civil War generals to publish his memoirs. [214] One of the most serious accusations against Sherman was that he allowed his troops to burn the city of Columbia. Some pro-Confederate sources have repeated a claim that Oliver Otis Howard, the commander of Sherman's 15th Corps, said in 1867 that "It is useless to deny that our troops burnt Columbia, for I saw them in the act. [31][32], Sherman and Ord disembarked in Monterey, California on January 28, 1847, two days before the town of Yerba Buena acquired the new name of "San Francisco". He was particularly interested in targeting South Carolina, the first state to secede from the Union, because of the effect that it would have on Southern morale. William Tecumseh Sherman (/tkms/ tih-KUM-s;[4][5] February 8, 1820 February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. His fears of a financial failure like that of his father eroded his will and convinced him that he could not remain in the military. Sherman commanded a brigade of volunteers at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861 before being transferred to the Western Theater. Father James A. Ryder, president of Georgetown College, officiated at the Washington, D.C., ceremony. When Sherman's train passed Collierville it came under attack by 3,000 Confederate cavalry and eight guns under James Ronald Chalmers. [154] Having defeated the Confederate forces under Johnston at Bentonville, Sherman proceeded to rendezvous at Goldsboro with the Union troops that awaited him there after the captures of the coastal cities of New Bern and Wilmington. Sherman took command of the infantrymen in the local Union garrison and successfully repelled the Confederate attack. [33] Sherman and Halleck lived in a house in Monterey, now known as the "Sherman Quarters", from 1847 to 1849. For the most part, Sherman refused to revise his original text on the ground that "I disclaim the character of historian, but assume to be a witness on the stand before the great tribunal of history" and "any witness who may disagree with me should publish his own version of [the] facts in the truthful narration of which he is interested". [295], The influential literary critic Edmund Wilson found in Sherman's Memoirs a fascinating and disturbing account of an "appetite for warfare" that "grows as it feeds on the South". The family tree for General William Tecumseh Sherman is still in progress. [228] He testified in the trial on April 11 and 13, 1868. Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Sherman's given names 1.2 Military training and service 1.3 Marriage and business career 1.4 Military college superintendent 1.5 St. Louis interlude 2 Civil War service 2.1 First commissions and Bull Run 2.2 Kentucky and breakdown 2.3 Shiloh 2.4 Vicksburg 2.5 Chattanooga 2.6 Atlanta 2.7 March to the Sea [140] At the end of this campaign, known as Sherman's March to the Sea, his troops took Savannah on December 21, 1864. [274], Sherman wrote to his wife in 1842: "I believe in good works rather than faith. [306], The General William Tecumseh Sherman Monument (1903) by Carl Rohl-Smith[307] stands near President's Park in Washington, D.C.[308] The bronze monument consists of an equestrian statue of Sherman and a platform with a soldier at each corner, representing the infantry, artillery, cavalry, and engineer branches of the U.S. Army. [80], Having succeeded Anderson at Louisville, Sherman now had principal military responsibility for Kentucky, a border state in which the Confederates held Columbus and Bowling Green, and were also present near the Cumberland Gap. When Grant became president of the United States in March 1869, Sherman succeeded him as Commanding General of the Army. [204] When the city council appealed to him to rescind that order, on the grounds that it would cause great hardship to women, children, the elderly, and others who bore no responsibility for the conduct of the war,[204][205] Sherman sent a written response in which he sought to articulate his conviction that a lasting peace would be possible only if the Union were restored, and that he was therefore prepared to do all he could do to end the rebellion: You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. All other "editions" of Sherman's memoirs are re-printings of the 1889 or, in some cases, the 1875 edition. [227] In one instance, he was summoned to testify as a witness in Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial. [51][52] In 1856, during the vigilante period, he served briefly as a major general of the California militia. [296] Former U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara refers equivocally to the statement that "war is cruelty and you cannot refine it" in both the book Wilson's Ghost[297] and in his interview for the documentary film The Fog of War (2003). "[254], One of Sherman's significant contributions as head of the Army was the establishment of the Command School (now the Command and General Staff College) at Fort Leavenworth[255] in 1881. Johnston replied: "If I were in [Sherman's] place, and he were standing in mine, he would not put on his hat." You people speak so lightly of war; you don't know what you're talking about. . It was a bitterly cold day and a friend of Johnston, fearing that the general might become ill, asked him to put on his hat. [147], Grant then ordered Sherman to embark his army on steamers and join the Union forces confronting Lee in Virginia, but Sherman instead persuaded Grant to allow him to march north through the Carolinas, destroying everything of military value along the way, as he had done in Georgia. Sherman believed that bison eradication should be encouraged as a means of weakening Indian resistance to assimilation. Copies of Letters of William Tecumseh Sherman in 1859-61 and Other Communications, etc. [169][170][171] Throughout the Civil War, Sherman declined to employ black troops in his armies.[172][173]. Historical Person Search Search Search Results Results William Tecumseh Sherman Merchant (1867 - 1929) . [37][38], At John Augustus Sutter Jr.s request, Sherman assisted Capt. Eleanor Mary Sherman (1859-1915) 2. [266] President Benjamin Harrison, who served under Sherman, sent a telegram to Sherman's family and ordered all national flags to be flown at half staff. William Tecumseh Sherman achieved the rank of Major General during the Civil War. When William Tecumseh Sherman was born on 12 December 1828, in Columbia, New York, United States, his father, Roger Stevens Sherman, was 32 and his mother, Orilla Moses, was 34. The army took 4,000 prisoners and commandeered many wagons and horses. "[234] In 1867, he wrote to Grant that "we are not going to let a few thieving, ragged Indians check and stop the progress" of the railroads. Johnston, ignoring instructions from President Davis, accepted those terms on April 26, 1865, formally surrendered his army and all the Confederate forces in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. He returned to Washington in 1876, when the new Secretary of War, Alphonso Taft, promised him greater authority. [54][b] Later in 1858, he moved to Leavenworth, Kansas, where he worked as the office manager of the law firm established by his brothers-in-law Hugh Ewing and Thomas Ewing Jr. Sherman obtained a license to practice law, despite not having studied for the bar, but he met with little success as a lawyer. Schofield. [102] Soon after, Major General John A. McClernand ordered Sherman's XV Corps to join in his assault on Arkansas Post. [253] On April 11, 1880, he addressed a crowd of more than 10,000 in Columbus, Ohio: "There is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell. [13], Sherman's older brother Charles Taylor Sherman became a federal judge. He stood by me when I was crazy, and I stood by him when he was drunk; and now, sir, we stand by each other always. His son, Thomas Ewing Sherman, who was a Jesuit priest, presided over his father's funeral masses in New York City and in St. [90] This success contributed greatly to raising Sherman's spirits and changing his personal outlook on the Civil War and his role in it. Although Sherman was technically the senior officer, he wrote to Grant, "I feel anxious about you as I know the great facilities [the Confederates] have of concentration by means of the River and R[ail] Road, but [I] have faith in youCommand me in any way. [86], By mid-December 1861 Sherman had recovered sufficiently to return to service under Halleck in the Department of the Missouri. [68] In early April, Sherman declined Montgomery Blair's offer of the administrative position of chief clerk in the War Department, despite Blair's promise that it would be followed by nomination as Assistant Secretary of War after the U.S. Congress assembled in July. The severity of the destructive acts by Union troops was significantly greater in South Carolina than in Georgia or North Carolina. [98] Grant made Sherman a corps commander and put him in charge of half of his forces. His conduct and deportment toward us characterized him as a friend and a gentleman. If your people will but stop and think, they must see in the end that you will surely fail. Sherman at first trivialized the corresponding threat, reportedly saying that he would "give [Hood] his rations" to go in that direction, as "my business is down south". [107] Sherman initially expressed reservations about the wisdom of these plans, but he soon submitted to Grant's leadership and the campaign in the spring of 1863 cemented Sherman's personal ties to Grant. Sherman was one of the few Union officers to distinguish himself in the field and historian Donald L. Miller has characterized Sherman's performance at Bull Run as "exemplary". In one amusing change to his text, Sherman dropped the assertion that, A "third edition, revised and corrected" of Sherman's memoirs was put out in 1890 by, According to Victor Davis Hanson, "In the eyes of Lewis and Liddell Hart, Sherman was a great man, who is judged on what he did and not on what he wrote: he saved lives and shortened the war; and he used military science to teach his nation what war is ultimately for. The burning of Columbia has engendered controversy ever since, with some claiming the fires were a deliberate act of vengeance by the Union troops and others that the fires were accidental, caused in part by the burning bales of cotton that the retreating Confederates left behind them.[151]. [104][105] Arkansas Post was taken by the Union army and navy on January 11, 1863. Critical press reports about Sherman began to appear after the U.S. Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, visited Louisville in October 1861. [35][36] Sherman unwittingly helped to launch the California Gold Rush by drafting the official documents in which Governor Mason confirmed that gold had been discovered in the region. [230] In 1871, Sherman ordered that the leaders of the Warren Wagon Train Raid, an attack by a Kiowa and Comanche war party from which Sherman himself had narrowly escaped, be tried for murder in Jacksboro, Texas. The publication of Sherman's memoirs sparked controversy and drew complaints from many quarters. Birthdate: September 05, 1855. William Tecumseh Sherman was a Union general during the Civil War, playing a crucial role in the victory over the Confederate States and becoming one of the most famous military leaders in U.S.. He was stationed in Kentucky, where his pessimism about the outlook of the war led to a breakdown that required him to be briefly put on leave. "[215][216][217] Sherman himself stated that "[i]f I had made up my mind to burn Columbia I would have burnt it with no more feeling than I would a common prairie dog village; but I did not do it"[218] Sherman's official report on the burning placed the blame on Confederate lieutenant general Wade Hampton, who Sherman said had ordered the burning of cotton in the streets. Along with fellow Lieutenants Henry Halleck and Edward Ord, Sherman embarked from New York City on the 198-day journey around Cape Horn, aboard the converted sloop USS Lexington. His performance was praised by Grant and Halleck and after the battle he was promoted to major general of volunteers, effective May 1, 1862. Sherman proved instrumental to mounting the successful Union counterattack of the following day, April 7, 1862. War is a terrible thing! Sherman's younger brother John was, from his seat in the U.S. Congress, a prominent advocate against slavery. "[50], The failure of Page, Bacon & Co. triggered a panic surrounding the "Black Friday" of February 23, 1855, leading to the closure of several of San Francisco's principal banks and many other businesses. [67] While trying to hold himself aloof from politics, he observed first-hand the efforts of Congressman Frank Blair, who later served under Sherman in the U.S. Army, to keep Missouri in the Union. He led Union forces in crushing campaigns through the South, marching through Georgia and the Carolinas (1864-65). [119][120] Sherman's army captured the city of Meridian on February 14 and proceeded to destroy 105 miles of railroad and 61 bridges, while burning at least 10 locomotives and 28 railcars. [159], Following Lee's surrender and the assassination of Lincoln, Sherman met with Johnston on April 17, 1865, at Bennett Place in Durham, North Carolina, to negotiate a Confederate surrender. "[73], Sherman was first commissioned as colonel of the 13th U.S. Infantry Regiment, effective May 14, 1861. [200][201][g] Sherman's advance through Georgia and the Carolinas was characterized by widespread destruction of civilian supplies and infrastructure. His father, Charles Robert Sherman, a lawyer who was a justice on the Ohio Supreme Court,[11] died unexpectedly of typhoid fever in 1829. "[275] In letters written in 1865 to Thomas, his eldest surviving son, General Sherman said "I don't want you to be a soldier or a priest, but a good useful man",[276] and complained that Thomas's mother Ellen "thinks religion is so important that everything else must give way to it". [132] The capture of Atlanta made Sherman a household name and was decisive in ensuring Lincoln's re-election in November. [165], Sherman was not an abolitionist before the war and, like others of his time and background, he did not believe in "Negro equality". [163], Grant then offered Johnston purely military terms, similar to those that he had negotiated with Lee at Appomattox. He tells us what he thought and what he felt, and he never strikes any attitudes or pretends to feel anything he does not feel. Indeed, he had written to his wife that if he took more precautions "they'd call me crazy again". [128][129] Meanwhile, in August, Sherman "learned that I had been commissioned a major-general in the regular army, which was unexpected, and not desired until successful in the capture of Atlanta". He privately ridiculed Lincoln's call for 75,000 three-month volunteers to quell secession, reportedly saying: "Why, you might as well attempt to put out the flames of a burning house with a squirt-gun. [24] Fellow cadet William Rosecrans remembered Sherman as "one of the brightest and most popular fellows" at the academy and as "a bright-eyed, red-headed fellow, who was always prepared for a lark of any kind". Therefore, he believed that the North had to conduct its campaign as a war of conquest, employing scorched earth tactics to break the backbone of the rebellion. He was Promoted to general (lieutenant general), 4 Mar 1869. [113] His family traveled from Ohio to visit him at the camp near Vicksburg. I am not and cannot be. [126] He conducted a series of flanking maneuvers through rugged terrain against Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee, attempting a direct assault only at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. Senator Ewing secured an appointment for the 16-year-old Sherman as a cadet in the United States Military Academy at West Point. [308], Other posthumous tributes include Sherman Circle in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington, D.C.,[309] the M4 Sherman tank, which was named by the British during World War II,[310] and the "General Sherman" Giant Sequoia tree, which is the most massive documented single-trunk tree in the world. [43], Sherman was appointed as captain in the Army's Commissary Department on September 27, 1850, with offices in St. Louis, Missouri. Then, as now, neatness in dress and form, with a strict conformity to the rules, were the qualifications required for office, and I suppose I was found not to excel in any of these. At the White House, Sherman met with Abraham Lincoln a few days after his inauguration as president of the United States. Sherman excelled academically at West Point, but he treated the demerit system with indifference. He had at least 2 daughters with Elizabeth Bell Dyer. Following the 1866 Fetterman Massacre, in which 81 U.S. soldiers were ambushed and killed by Native American warriors, Sherman telegraphed Grant that "we must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux, even to their extermination, men, women and children. He steadfastly refused to be drawn into party politics and in 1875 published his memoirs, which became one of the best-known first-hand accounts of the Civil War. [246] The Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Born in Ohio into a politically prominent family, Sherman graduated in 1840 from the United States Military Academy at West Point. Early life and career Thomas Ewing Sherman (1856-1933) 2. [In his Memoirs] the vigorous account of his pre-war activities and his conduct of his military operations is varied in just the right proportion and to just the right degree of vivacity with anecdotes and personal experiences. For further details about Sherman's banking career, see Dwight L. Clarke. The nomination was not submitted to the Senate until December. According to Holden-Reid, Sherman finally "had cut his teeth as an army commander" with the Jackson Expedition. He passed away in 1949. per familysearch.org . [270] Former U.S. president and Civil War veteran Rutherford B. Hayes, who attended both ceremonies, said at the time that Sherman had been "the most interesting and original character in the world. Holden-Reid, for instance, argued that "the concept of 'total war' is deeply flawed, an imprecise label that at best describes the two world wars but is of dubious relevance to the U.S. Civil War."[203]. His foster mother, Maria Ewing, was devoutly Catholic and raised her own children in that faith. Since that time he has not been a communicant of any church. [72] On June 3, he wrote in a letter to his brother-in-law: "I still think it is to be a long warvery longmuch longer than any Politician thinks. . After Sherman's departure the spokesman for the black leaders, Baptist minister Garrison Frazier,[181][182] declared in response to Stanton's inquiry about the feelings of the black community: We looked upon General Sherman prior to his arrival as a man in the providence of God specially set apart to accomplish this work, and we unanimously feel inexpressible gratitude to him, looking upon him as a man that should be honored for the faithful performance of his duty. Sherman served in that capacity from 1869 until 1883 and was responsible for the U.S. Army's engagement in the Indian Wars. In October 1876, Grant, after issuing a proclamation, instructed Sherman to gather all available Atlantic region troops and dispatch them to South Carolina to stop the mob violence. 15. He dealt in a friendly and unaffected way with the black people that he met during his career. [90] His first major test under Grant was at the Battle of Shiloh. He lived in Lancaster, Fairfield, Ohio, United States in 1860. Sherman served in the army in St. Louis and then in New Orleans from 1850-1852, often lonely for his departed wife and first born daughter. [77] Holden-Reid also concluded that Sherman "might have been as unseasoned as the men he commanded, but he had not fallen prey to the nave illusions nursed by so many on the field of First Bull Run. [162] This precipitated a deep and long-lasting enmity between Sherman and Stanton, and it intensified Sherman's disdain for politicians. General William Tecumseh "Cump" Sherman Born 8 Feb 1820 in Lancaster, Fairfield, Ohio, USA Ancestors Son of Charles Robert Sherman and Mary (Hoyt) Sherman W. T. Sherman (1887)[285], In the years immediately after the war, Sherman was popular in the North and well regarded by his own soldiers. [211] One of Sherman's tactics was to destroy the railways by pulling up the rails, heating them over a bonfire, and twisting them to leave behind what came to known as "Sherman's neckties". Still, if he muffed his Vicksburg assignment, which had begun unfavorably, he would rise no higher. 142, 38Th Congress, 2D Session by Gen William Tecumseh Sherman, George Henry Thomas, John Pope, 9780342519576, available at LibroWorld.com. [210] For instance, Alabama-born Major Henry Hitchcock, who served in Sherman's staff, declared that "it is a terrible thing to consume and destroy the sustenance of thousands of people," but if the scorched earth strategy served "to paralyze their husbands and fathers who are fighting it is mercy in the end". On the other hand, he was adamantly opposed to the secession of the southern states. William Tecumseh Sherman described the San Francisco banking panic in his memoirs. [206], The damage done by Sherman's marches through Georgia and the Carolinas was almost entirely limited to the destruction of property. Sherman commanded the division on the extreme right of the Union's right wing (under George Henry Thomas). Sherman, William T. (William Tecumseh), 1820-1891. [220], In this general connection, it is also noteworthy that Sherman and his subordinates (particularly John A. Logan) took steps to protect Raleigh, North Carolina, from acts of revenge after the assassination of President Lincoln.[221][222]. Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah campaign or simply Sherman's March) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by William Tecumseh Sherman, major general of the Union Army.The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the . [114][115], Ordered to relieve the Union forces besieged in the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee, Sherman departed from Memphis on October 11, 1863, aboard a train bound for Chattanooga. In early 1858, he returned to California to finalize the bank's outstanding accounts there. As the foster son of a prominent Whig politician, in Charleston the popular Lieutenant Sherman moved within the upper circles of Old South society. [75], The engagement at Bull Run ended in a disastrous defeat for the Union, dashing the hopes for a rapid resolution of the conflict over secession. [186][187] In 1888, near the end of his life, Sherman published an essay in the North American Review defending the full civil rights of black citizens in the former Confederacy. [225] Tasked with guarding a vast territory with limited forces, Sherman grew weary of the multitude of requests for military protection addressed to him. , ceremony Fillmore and other Communications, etc `` I believe in good works than. 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