London E20 1JN. [10] The system serves 272 stations and has 250 miles (400km) of track. [56], In the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936. The 11 new stations were designed to be "Future-proof", with wide passageways, large quantities of escalators and lifts, and emergency exits. [255] A Central London Railway route diagram appears on a 1904 postcard and 1905 poster,[256] similar maps appearing in District Railway cars in 1908. This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled walk-through trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation. [3] It is operated by Transport for London (TfL). Its platforms are, on average, 22m below sea level. . His design was displayed at Southwark Station in collaboration with Art on the Underground to mark the opening weekend of the new Tate Modern gallery situated near the station. [274] Between 1948 and 1957 the word "Underground" in the bar was replaced by "London Transport". [32] The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898,[33] followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, known as the "twopenny tube". How many stations are there on the London Underground? [144] Each lift was staffed, and at some quiet stations in the 1920s the ticket office was moved into the lift, or it was arranged that the lift could be controlled from the ticket office. The line may also be one of the first to be upgraded, alongside the Piccadilly line, with new trains, systems and platform-edge doors to test the systems before the Central and Bakerloo lines are upgraded. This system depends on adequate cross-sectional area of the airspace above the passengers heads in the foot tunnels and escalators, where laminar airflow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius, the HagenPoiseuille equation. By Alastair Lockhart For Mailonline 14:22 17 Jan 2023, updated 14:22 17 Jan 2023. [260] Although Fred H. Stingemore enlarged the central area of the map, it was Harry Beck who took this further by distorting geography and simplifying the map so that the railways appeared as straight lines with equally spaced stations. [59] Following bombing in 1940, passenger services over the West London line were suspended, leaving Olympia exhibition centre without a railway service until a District line shuttle from Earl's Court began after the war. People ask also, what is the longest underground line? 1940: People asleep on the platform of Holborn underground station during an air raid. [1] The Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, and Metropolitan lines form the sub-surface network, with railway tunnels just below the surface and of a similar size to those on British main lines, converging on a circular bi-directional loop around zone 1. [138] In 2012, air-cooling units were installed on platforms at Green Park station using cool deep groundwater and at Oxford Circus using chiller units at the top of an adjacent building. [37] The Metropolitan even encouraged beards for staff to act as an air filter. [273], After the UERL was absorbed into the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933, it used forms of the roundel for buses, trams and coaches, as well as the Underground. The extension was privately funded, with contributions from developments across the Battersea Power Station, Vauxhall and Nine Elms areas. The Central line will be part of the New Tube for London Project. Passengers may not get on the first train[236] and the majority of passengers do not find a seat on their trains,[237] some trains having more than four passengers every square metre. This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled walk-through trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation. [11] Despite its name, only 45% of the system is under the ground: much of the network in the outer environs of London is on the surface. The Tube Challenge is the competition for the fastest time to travel to all London Underground stations, tracked by Guinness World Records since 1960. When the Bakerloo line opened in 1906, it was advertised with a maximum temperature of 60F (16C), but over time the tube tunnels have warmed up. [206], In 2014, TfL became the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment from contactless bank cards. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) LONDON TUBE MAP. [96][97] Many Overground stations interchange with Underground ones, and Overground lines were added onto the Tube map. Clapham Common. The New Tube for London, which will replace the trains for the Bakerloo, Central, Waterloo and City and Piccadilly lines, is planned to have air conditioning for the new trains along with better energy conservation and regenerative braking.[129][140][141]. Temporary sign boards that stand at the top of escalators also maximise turbulence. Small changes to the Tube network occurred in the 2000s, with extensions to Heathrow Terminal 5, new station at Wood Lane and the Circle line changed from serving a closed loop around the centre of London to a spiral also serving Hammersmith in 2009. Some stations at the north-eastern end of the Central line are in the Epping Forest district of Essex and some stations at the north-western end of the Metropolitan line are in the Three Rivers and Watford districts of Hertfordshire, and Buckinghamshire. London Underground, better known as the Tube, has 11 lines covering 402km and serving 272 stations. According to Ruth Artmonsky, over 150 women artists were commissioned by Pick and latterly Christian Barman to design posters for London Underground, London Transport and London County Council Tramways. [308] Johnston was adopted systemwide after the formation of the LPTB in 1933 and the LT wordmark was applied to locomotives and carriages. [285] Clark would later design "Chiltern Court", the large, luxurious block of apartments at Baker Street, that opened in 1929. metro systems. ", "Elizabeth line: almost 50 years in the planning for Crossrail timeline", "Elizabeth line: Crossrail complete after decades of struggle", "Coronavirus: 40 London Underground stations to be closed", "London Underground: Nine Elms and Battersea Power Station set to open", "Northern Line extension: Two new Tube stations open", "150 London Underground facts (including the birth of Jerry Springer in East Finchley station)", "Which London Underground line is the fastest? Meanwhile, Mayor of London Boris Johnson decided it should be demolished along with the Earls Court Exhibition Centre as part of Europe's biggest regeneration scheme. Its first section opened in 1863, making it the oldest underground metro system in the world. Underground map with the tube lines and stations, according to the current . This resulted in a 40% increase in capacity between Seven Sisters and Walthamstow Central. Private infrastructure companies (infracos) would upgrade and maintain the railway, and London Underground would run the train service. [16] The Underground first started accepting contactless debit and credit cards in September 2014. [79], On 18 November 1987, fire broke out in an escalator at King's Cross St Pancras tube station. 14:18, Tue Bakerloo line capacity could be increased by 25% with 27 tph at peak times by 2033. [100] The railway opened as the Elizabeth line in May 2022. [110], The average speed on the Underground is 20.5mph (33.0km/h). [135][136] The main purpose of the London Underground's ventilation fans is to extract hot air from the tunnels,[132] and fans across the network are being refurbished, although complaints of noise from local residents preclude their use at full power at night. [246] As of 2015[update] there have been nine consecutive years in which no employee fatalities have occurred. [53], In 1933, most of London's underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, which used the London Transport brand. [310], Early advertising posters used various letter fonts. [272][39] The roundel was first printed on a map cover using the Johnston typeface in June 1919, and printed in colour the following October. The Piccadilly line will be part of the New Tube for London Project. [22] To prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled walkthrough trains and a new automatic signalling system. [234] By 2016 a third of stations had platform humps that reduce the step from platform to train. Which underground line has most stations? [51][52] The Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow (later Uxbridge) and Hounslow. These were all delivered by 2017. [290] The Met's architect Charles Walter Clark had used a neo-classical design for rebuilding Baker Street and Paddington Praed Street stations before the First World War and, although the fashion had changed, continued with Farringdon in 1923. [300] Stations were built to the latest standards, future proofed for growth, with innovations such as Platform screen doors. [152], There are 426 escalators on the London Underground system and the longest, at 60 metres (200ft), is at Angel. [31], For the first deep-level tube line, the City and South London Railway, two 10feet 2inches (3.10m) diameter circular tunnels were dug between King William Street (close to today's Monument station) and Stockwell, under the roads to avoid the need for agreement with owners of property on the surface. Fares increased following a legal challenge but the fare zones were retained, and in the mid-1980s the Travelcard and the Capitalcard were introduced. The line will be part of the New Tube for London Project. These London Underground quiz questions and answers are designed to test your knowledge on all aspects of one of the world's most extensive (and most expensive!) This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled articulated trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation. [247] A special staff training facility was opened at West Ashfield tube station in TFL's Ashfield House, West Kensington in 2010 at a cost of 800,000. The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of Sherlock Holmes's silhouette,[302] at Tottenham Court Road semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi feature musical instruments, tape machines and butterflies, [303] and at Charing Cross, David Gentleman designed the mural depicting the construction of the Eleanor Cross. The Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) was established in 1902 to fund the electrification of the District Railway and to complete and operate three tube lines, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway, the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, which opened in 1906-07. The line is predicted to run 3036 trains per hour, up to a 50% increase compared to the 2425 train per hour service provided today. [301] West Ham station was built as a homage to the red brick tube stations of the 1930s, using brick, concrete and glass. Westminster Picture: Alamy Admit it: every time you change at Westminster from the Circle line to the Jubilee. Recurrent architectural structures, an array of surfaces and an abundance of beautifully designed furniture, lighting and details all make London's iconic 150-year-old transport system pretty special. This London Underground Stations quiz is designed to test London's biggest transport fanatics. The London Underground uses a system of nine concentric zones for the calculation of fares between stations. The deepest station below sea level. [74] In 1976 the Northern City Line was taken over by British Rail and linked up with the main line railway at Finsbury Park, a transfer that had already been planned prior to the accident. Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies. The current operator, London Underground Limited (LUL), is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL), the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in London. On social media, email or the website, our travel tools can help you get around. Major work is to be undertaken on the fleet to ensure their continued reliability with brakes, traction control systems, doors, automatic control systems being repaired or replaced, among other components. The trains have been replaced with 47 new higher-capacity 2009-stock trains. The London Underground has been running for 160 years. The study had showed that, with new generation trains and re-signalling: The project is estimated to cost 16.42 billion (9.86billion at 2013 prices). Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925 and from Wembley Park to Stanmore in 1932. On the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines . This has the effect of reducing laminar airflow by 94%. Stations. [80] Following the fire, substantial improvements to safety on the Tube were implemented - including the banning of smoking, removal of wooden escalators, installation of CCTV and fire detectors, as well as comprehensive radio coverage for the emergency services. Lewisham previously had two Underground stations on the East London Line, but they are part of the London Overground network. [220], The Underground runs a limited service on Christmas Eve with some lines closing early, and does not operate on Christmas Day. Central line capacity increased by 25% with 33 tph at peak times by 2030. The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground or by its nickname the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in England. This pressure difference drives ventilation between platforms and the surface exits through the passenger foot network. [92], During the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the Underground saw record ridership levels, with over 4.3 million people using the Tube on some days. Here are the most magnificent Tube stations on the London Underground. [192], The Underground received 2.669billion in fares in 2016/17 and uses Transport for London's zonal fare system to calculate fares. In the 2010s, the 18.8bn Crossrail project built a new eastwest railway tunnel under central London. . It has 50 stations, counting all branches, and is the busiest of all lines, with 294 million passenger journeys recorded in 2016/17. [66][71] Also during the 1960s, the Victoria line was dug under central London and, unlike the earlier tunnels, did not follow the roads above. The London Underground is frequently studied by academics because it is one of the largest, oldest, and most widely used systems of public transit in the world. The shortest, at Stratford, gives a vertical rise of 4.1 metres (13ft). [244], London Underground is authorised to operate trains by the Office of Rail Regulation. The London Underground is a metro system in the United Kingdom that serves Greater London and adjacent districts of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire. [157] It was not previously possible to use mobile phones on most parts of the Underground (excluding services running overground or occasionally sub-surface, depending on the phone and carrier) using native 2G, 3G or 4G networks, and a project to extend coverage before the 2012 Olympics was abandoned because of commercial and technical difficulties. [39] In the early 20th century, the District and Metropolitan railways needed to electrify and a joint committee recommended an AC system, the two companies co-operating because of the shared ownership of the inner circle. In recent years, the stations of the 1990s Jubilee Line Extension were designed in a high-tech style by architects such as Norman Foster and Michael Hopkins. [65][66][67] Under the same act, the country's main line railways were also nationalised, and their reconstruction was given priority over the maintenance of the Underground and most of the unfinished plans of the pre-war New Works Programme were shelved or postponed. There were 43 deaths and 74 injuries, the greatest loss of life during peacetime on the London Underground. A total of 173 people, including 62 children, died, making this both the worst civilian disaster in Britain during the Second World War, and the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network. If you take the average depth below sea level of all the platforms in each tube station - an important clarification - London Bridge comes out on top (bottom). Now, the ventilation space above head height is crowded with ducting, conduits, cameras, speakers and equipment acting as a baffle plates with predictable reductions in flow. [210] Residents born before 1951 were eligible after their 60th birthday, whereas those born in 1955 will need to wait until they are 66. [98] Although not part of the Underground, the line connects with several Underground stations. [319][320] By the time London Transport was formed in 1933 the UERL was considered a patron of the arts[312] and over 1000 works were commissioned in the 1930s, such as the cartoon images of Charles Burton and Kauffer's later abstract cubist and surrealist images. The London Underground Film Office received over 200 requests to film in 2000. The trains often break down, have to be withdrawn from service at short notice and at times are not available when required, leading to gaps in service at peak times. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and the Johnston typeface, created by Edward Johnston in 1916. ", "Transport accessibility Wheelchair access & avoiding stairs", "Debden Underground station becomes step-free", "Fares & payments Replacements & refunds Charter refunds", "London Underground: Millions not claiming Tube refund", "Apps that help you get money back on Delays", "Quarterly Health, Safety and Environment Performance Reports Quarter 3, 2012/13", "Quarterly Health, Safety and Environment Performance Reports Quarter 4, 2011/12", "Mock tube station gives London Underground staff real-life training", "Tube suicides rise 74% over last 10 years", "Effect of station design on death in the London Underground: observational study", "Fastest time to travel to all London Underground stations", "When Topology Trumped Topography: Celebrating 90 Years of Beck's Underground Map", "London underground's 150th birthday celebrated in Google doodle", "Google Doodle Marks 150 Years Of The London Underground", "Ten years of artists' tube map covers in pictures", "100 artists celebrate 100 years of Tube logo", "100 Years, 100 Artists, 100 Works of Art", "Tate gives Tube roundels at Southwark station a modern makeover", "Conserving Heritage Tiles on the London Underground: Challenges and Approaches", "London Underground's Edwardian Tile Patterns", "Underground Journeys: Charles Holden's designs for London Transport", "Big names call for rethink on Jubilee Line listing refusals", "London Transport Posters: Frank Pick's vision", "Daniel Buren completes installation at Tottenham Court Road tube station", "The Frank Pick Roundel At Piccadilly Circus", "Mapped: Fictional Stations On The London Underground", "This synaesthetic composer turned the tube map into music", "London Underground Calling: Buskers Audition To Play On The Tube", "From the physics of interacting polymers to optimizing routes on the London Underground", "Dadds, Hannah | Explore 20th Century London", "Too Close For Comfort: Passengers' experiences of the London Underground", London Underground history in a dynamic timeline map, Documents and clippings about London Underground, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Underground&oldid=1134022127, The line between Campbell Road junction (now closed), near. [307] The Met changed to a serif letterform for its signs in the 1920s, used on the stations rebuilt by Clark. Two people have been stabbed outside of Harlesden station in west London On 19 August 2016, London Underground launched a 24-hour service on the Victoria and Central lines with plans in place to extend this to the Piccadilly, Northern and Jubilee lines starting on Friday morning and continuing right through until Sunday evening. The nickname "Tube" comes from the circular tube-like tunnels through which the small profile trains travel. [40], Yerkes soon had control of the District Railway and established the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) in 1902 to finance and operate three tube lines, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (Bakerloo), the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (Hampstead) and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, (Piccadilly), which all opened between 1906 and 1907. [171], New S Stock trains have been introduced on the sub-surface (District, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle) lines. [340], This article is about the rapid transit system in London. Today's tube map is an evolution of that original design, and the ideas are used by many metro systems around the world. [184][185] On 9 October 2014 TFL published a shortlist of those (Alstom, Siemens, Hitachi, CAF and Bombardier) who had expressed an interest in supplying 250 trains for between 1.0billion and 2.5billion, and on the same day opened an exhibition with a design by PriestmanGoode. [175][176], The signalling system on the Northern line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by 20%, as the line now runs 24 trains per hour at peak times, compared to 20 previously. [94] In 2013, the Underground celebrated its 150th anniversary, with celebratory events such as steam trains and installation of a unique Labyrinth artwork at each station.[95]. Popular legends about the Underground being haunted persist to this day. [238] When asked, passengers report overcrowding as the aspect of the network that they are least satisfied with, and overcrowding has been linked to poor productivity and potential poor heart health. Almost all of the route, and all the stations, are shared with one or more of the three other sub-surface lines, namely the District, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. Fares are calculated based on the number of zones traversed. [55] In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, Harry Beck's diagrammatic tube map first appeared. It was first opened in 1863 and is the second-busiest underground station in the whole of London. Numbers of commissions dropped, to eight a year in the 1950s and just four a year in the 1970s,[312] with images from artists such Harry Stevens and Tom Eckersley. 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